POPE CELESTINE II, AN ATTEMPT TO CHANGE POLICY
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One of the most famous popes of the Middle Ages, Pope Gregory VII came from humble beginnings. Born between 1020 and 1025, Hildebrand Bonizi was born in Tuscany.
He went to Rome at an early age and studied at the palace school at the Lateran then at San Giovanni al Porta Latina. There, he met John Gratian, a teacher who became Pope Gregory VI. Gratian’s story is read elsewhere in this blog. He was accused of simony and was deposed in 1046. Hildebrand, one of his acolytes, accompanied his teacher to exile in Cologne. After the death of the deposed pope, Hildebrand finished his studies at Cologne’s cathedral school then served as a canon there. In short order, the young canon went to work for Bruno of Egisheim-Dagsburg, who was at court.
In 1049, Bruno was elected Pope and took the name Leo IX. As such, he ordained the younger man a subdeacon and the rector of the Benedictine abbey of San Paolo Fuore le Mura. Hildebrand was not old enough to be ordained a priest. All these moves encouraged Hildebrand’s ecclesiastic and political career.
Serving under successive popes, he became a papal representative to France (1054) and Milan (1057). He served at the court of Emperor Henry III in 1054/1055 and again in 1057/1058. He became quite close to Henry III, who died in 1056. He served in the chancery and was a leading figure of the papal court. Hildebrand became quite popular in Rome. In 1059, he was ordained archdeacon of the Church. That same year, Hildebrand argued at the Lateran Council against private property for canons, a concept not well liked.
After the death of Pope Alexander II, there was an immediate clamor for Hildebrand to become pope. The three-day mourning period established by Pope Nicholas II did not hold. Bishops and laypeople, alike, were demanding his coronation immediately. Hildebrand went into hiding until the cardinals could vote him in. He was ordained a priest in May and consecrated a pope in June.
Hildebrand believed that his role was to increase the power of the Church in people’s lives and in European politics. He believed that disobedience to the pope equaled heresy, which must be punished. Demanding an end to clerical marriages and simony, he saw himself recreating the spiritual characteristics of the ancient Church. This earned him the ire of the higher prelates, who wanted the buying and selling of spiritual positions, and of the lower clergy, who wanted to be married. He supported peoples’ rebellions against disobedient bishops.
He furthered the alliances with the Normans, especially Robert Giuscard as far back as 1059. His agreements granted the Normans land, military and financial aid. In return, the Normans owed the papacy and all legitimate successors fealty. Hildebrand also gave the Normans rights to imperial and Byzantine-Muslim lands that they had conquered or would conquer. This became a very important tool later.
Hildebrand, like Pope Alexander II, supported William the Conqueror. Since, as archdeacon, before his rise to the throne of Peter, Hildebrand had judicial and financial duties, he felt he could build up armed papal supporters, such as the Militia of St. Peter.
Pope Gregory VII had an ongoing argument with the young Emperor Henry IV. It came to be known as the Investiture Controversy. Despite how close he had been with the deceased Henry III, the older man did not get along easily with the son. Hildebrand excommunicated five of Henry’s advisors, yet the emperor kept them with him. The major issue of the conflict was whether it should be the pope or the monarch who would name (invest) powerful local church officials such as bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries. During this long drawn and acrimonious struggle, Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV on three occasions and extended his support towards a rival claimant to the throne, Rudolf. In retaliation, Henry IV sought the pope’s dismissal and favored the election of an antipope, Clement II.
Ultimately, Henry IV was able to recover his throne. Gregory’s enemies became stronger and Gregory went into exile to the castle of Salerno by the sea. The Pope died in Salerno on 25 May, 1085. He was buried in the cathedral there. After his death, he was mostly ignored for several centuries. In 1585, he was beatified by Pope Gregory XIII. In 1728, he was canonized by Pope Benedict XIII.
Debra Booton McCoy is a cradle Catholic and is a native of central New York. She works in the health care field and spends her spare time writing and enjoying her family, two grown children, and husband Bob. Growing up through the Vatican II era, she remembers the traditional teaching of the Church and was witness to the changes. For many years Debra was a Catholic on the sidelines, going to Mass every week, but not living the Faith. When she decided to homeschool her son, she found that she had to teach herself what she had forgotten or never learned. That is when she realized her role.
Debra is a published author, having written a column for a women’s monthly newspaper in the mid-1990s. Debra started a Catholic publishing company in 2013, Lanternarius Press. With that, she published her first book in 2014, an edited version of a French book from the 1800s, “A Catholic Mother Speaks to Her Children” by Marie, Countess de Flavigny. This is an advice book for children. She has also edited and published an advice book for young men, "Conferences for Boys" by Fr. Reynauld Kuenhel. For those who like stories of popes, Debra is writing a series, using many of the articles on this site. The first book is History of the Popes, 34AD - 499AD.
You can visit her website at http://lanternariuspress.net or visit Lanternarius Press on Facebook.
